2023

October 13, 2023, While Israeli military operations in the Gaza Strip have already resulted in 1,900 deaths and 7,700 injuries, Palestinian human rights organizations (Al-Haq, the Al Mezan Center for Human Rights, and the Palestinian Center for Human Rights) are calling on third-party states to intervene urgently to protect the Palestinian people of the Gaza Strip from genocide. Reports documenting acts of genocide were published by Al-Haq on the 1st.^er January 2025, January 23, 2025, April 7, 2025, May 12, 2025, August 4, 2025 and December 10, 2025, by the Palestinian Center for Human Rights on May 12, 2025, August 28, 2025 and January 9, 2026, and by the Al Mezan Center on September 2, 2024, January 12, 2025 and May 12, 2025, and by Addameer on May 12, 2025 and January 24, 2026.

October 15, 2023, More than 800 academic experts and practitioners in international law, conflict studies, and genocide studies have signed a public declaration warning of the possibility of genocide perpetrated by Israeli armed forces against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip.[1].

November 2, 2023, Seven United Nations special rapporteurs have published a statement expressing their concern about the risk of genocide against the Palestinian population in the Gaza Strip.[2].

December 12, 2023, The International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) adopted a resolution alerting the public "to the ongoing genocide and other crimes committed by Israel in Gaza against the Palestinian people."«[3].

December 29, 2023, South Africa has filed a case against Israel before the International Court of Justice.[4]. In its application, South Africa alleges that the State of Israel is violating the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, in particular Articles 1, III, IV, V and VI, read together with Article II, with regard to the Palestinians in the Gaza Strip.

December 30, 2023, The Lemkin Institute for the Prevention of Genocide adopted a statement describing Israeli military operations in the Gaza Strip as genocidal.[5]. The statement expresses alarm at the catastrophic humanitarian deterioration in Gaza, with more than 21,636 Palestinians killed (including 8,276 children) and 59,403 injured between October 7 and December 29, 2023, and infers from the speeches of Israeli officials as well as from Israeli military strategy (indiscriminate bombing with heavy weapons, forced displacement of population, destruction of civilian infrastructure and cemeteries, total siege) a clear genocidal intent.

2024

January 26, 2024, In the case of South Africa v. Israel, the International Court of Justice issued an order indicating provisional measures, in which it specifically instructed the State of Israel to:

• to take all measures within its power to prevent the commission, against the Palestinians of the Gaza Strip, of any act falling within the scope of Article II of the Convention[6];
• take all measures to prevent and punish direct and public incitement to commit genocide against members of the Palestinian group in the Gaza Strip[7];
• take immediate and effective measures to enable the provision of basic services and humanitarian aid[8].

March 25, 2024, The Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Francesca Albanese, has submitted her report "Anatomy of a Genocide"«[9]. Less than a year after the start of the Israeli military offensive on the Gaza Strip, the report denounced its disproportionate nature, noting that 70 million residential areas had already been destroyed and 80 million people forcibly displaced, with 30,000 Palestinians killed, including 13,000 children. The report also condemned the biased application of the Geneva Conventions (1949) and stressed the urgent need for member states to, among other things, enforce the prohibition of genocide, implement the arms embargo on Israel, and, given Israel's failure to comply with the binding measures ordered by the International Court of Justice on January 26, 2024, to support independent international mechanisms. The rapporteur concluded: «This report shows that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the following acts, any one of which is sufficient to constitute genocide, have been committed against Palestinians in Gaza: killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; and intentionally inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part. Genocidal acts were approved and carried out following declarations of intent to commit genocide by senior military and government officials.»[10].

March 28, 2024, In the case of South Africa v. Israel, the International Court of Justice issued a second order indicating provisional measures.[11], in which she notably indicated to the State of Israel:

• take all necessary and effective measures to ensure without delay, in close cooperation with the UN, that the provision of basic services and urgently required humanitarian aid is ensured without restriction and on a large scale in the Gaza Strip by all interested parties;
• to ensure, with immediate effect, that its army does not commit any acts constituting a violation of any of the rights of the Palestinians in the Gaza Strip as a protected group under the Genocide Convention.

May 24, 2024, In the case of South Africa v. Israel, the International Court of Justice issued a third order indicating provisional measures.[12], in which it stated in particular "that Israel [must], in accordance with its obligations under the Genocide Convention, immediately cease its military offensive, and any other action carried out in the Rafah Governorate, which would be likely to subject the group of Palestinians in the Gaza Strip to conditions of existence capable of bringing about its total or partial physical destruction".

June 14, 2024, A report by the Independent International Commission of Inquiry in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and in Israel documented crimes against humanity and war crimes committed by Israeli authorities in the Gaza Strip.[13]. Highlighted are the commission by Israel of a series of war crimes (use of starvation as a method of warfare; intentional killings or homicides; direct attacks against civilians and civilian objects; forced transfer; acts of sexual violence; outrages upon personal dignity; and acts of sexual and gender-based violence amounting to torture or inhuman and cruel treatment) and crimes against humanity (extermination; murder; gender-based persecution of Palestinian men and boys; forced transfers; acts of torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment).

July 9, 2024, Seven United Nations special rapporteurs have issued a statement indicating that the deliberately provoked and targeted famine campaign against the Palestinian people constitutes a form of genocidal violence.[14].

July 31, 2024, A report by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has documented the arbitrary arrest, prolonged and incommunicado detention of thousands of Palestinians by Israeli authorities since October 2023, and also presented allegations of torture and other forms of cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment, including sexual violence against women and men. These acts are characterized in the report as war crimes or crimes against humanity.[15].

September 11, 2024, A report by the Independent International Commission of Inquiry in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and in Israel documented crimes against humanity and war crimes committed by Israeli authorities in the Gaza Strip.[16]. The report describes the implementation by Israeli authorities of a concerted policy of destroying the health system in the Gaza Strip and the "incessant and deliberate attacks against medical personnel" which constitute "war crimes and crimes against humanity of extermination".

September 20, 2024, The United Nations Special Committee to investigate Israeli practices affecting the human rights of the Palestinian people and other Arabs in the occupied territories concluded in a report that the facts submitted to it, in view of the very large number of civilian casualties and the methods of warfare employed by the State of Israel in the Gaza Strip, such as the use of starvation as a weapon of war, "present characteristic elements of genocide."«[17].

The 1^er October 2024, The Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Francesca Albanese, published a report entitled «Colonial Erasure through Genocide.» In this report, Francesca Albanese provides an overview of the crimes committed by the Israeli government—including acts of genocide—since October 7, 2023.[18].

October 25, 2024, The scientific research agency Forensic Architecture conducted a comprehensive methodological mapping analysis of the Israeli armed forces' military operations over a one-year period (October 2023 to October 2024). This report covers both the nature and scope of the attacks, as well as the extent of the damage and the number of Palestinian civilian casualties. The teams of analysts found that these military operations exhibited patterns[19] genocidal due to systematic and organized Israeli attacks aimed not only at (i) destroying all life, (ii) destroying all conditions enabling life, but also (iii) destroying all infrastructure necessary for life in the Gaza Strip[20].

November 21, 2024, The Pre-Trial Chamber of the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued arrest warrants against the two Israeli leaders, Benjamin Netanyahu and Yoav Gallant, notably for crimes against humanity and war crimes.[21].

With regard to crimes against humanity, the ICC Pre-Trial Chamber has addressed several acts committed as part of a systematic and widespread attack launched against the Palestinian civilian population, namely:

(1) murders committed in violation of Article 7-1-a of the Rome Statute establishing the ICC,

(2) persecutions committed in violation of Article 7(1)(h) of the Rome Statute, the Court considering that a significant portion of the civilian population of the Gaza Strip has been deprived of its fundamental rights, including the right to life and health, and that the population has been targeted for political and/or national reasons,

(3) other inhumane acts committed in violation of Article 7-1-k of the Rome Statute, by intentionally restricting or preventing the entry of medical supplies and medicines into the Gaza Strip, including anesthetics and anesthesia equipment, forcing doctors to operate on the wounded and to perform amputations, including of children, under conditions causing extreme suffering.

Regarding war crimes, the ICC Pre-Trial Chamber found that deliberately starving civilians constitutes a method of warfare (Article 8(2)(b)(xxv) of the Rome Statute). It noted that there are reasonable grounds to believe that Benjamin Netanyahu and Yoav Gallant intentionally and knowingly deprived the civilian population of the Gaza Strip of resources essential for its survival. It also held them responsible, as civilian superiors, for the war crime of intentionally directing attacks against this population (Article 8(2)(bi) of the Rome Statute).

December 5, 2024, A comprehensive investigation by Amnesty International also concluded that the State of Israel is committing genocide against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip through its policy of relentless bombing of densely populated areas, destruction of hospital infrastructure, permanent water and electricity cutoffs, obstruction of humanitarian aid delivery, and multiple forced displacements of the population.[22].

December 12, 2024, The International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) reiterated its observation of December 12, 2023, and called on the international community to act immediately to prevent, document, and punish acts of genocide committed by the State of Israel.[23].

December 18, 2024, While Israeli military operations in the Gaza Strip have resulted in 45,541 deaths, including 18,600 children, and 108,338 injuries, a Doctors Without Borders report concluded that the State of Israel is committing acts of genocide in the Gaza Strip by destroying all the health infrastructure of the Palestinian civilian population.[24].

December 19, 2024, A Human Rights Watch report indicated that Israeli authorities deliberately created living conditions designed to cause the destruction of a portion of the population of the Gaza Strip by intentionally depriving Palestinian civilians in the enclave of adequate access to clean drinking water, resulting in the deaths of thousands. The report concludes that the State of Israel is committing acts of genocide in the Gaza Strip by depriving the Palestinian civilian population of water.[25].

2025

February 28, 2025, South Africa has filed a dossier in its case against Israel before the International Court of Justice containing over 140 pages of potentially genocidal statements by Israeli political and military leaders, which demonstrate genocidal intent.[26].

March 13, 2025, The report prepared by the Independent International Commission of Inquiry into the Reproductive Health of Palestinians in the Gaza Strip in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and in Israel found that Israeli authorities have partially destroyed the reproductive capacity of Palestinians in the Gaza Strip as a group through the systematic destruction of sexual and reproductive healthcare. Its report indicated that this deliberate destruction falls under two categories of genocidal acts as defined in the Rome Statute and the Genocide Convention: intentionally subjecting the Palestinian population to conditions of life calculated to bring about their physical destruction and imposing measures designed to prevent births.[27].

May 6, 2025, a new report from the Independent International Commission to investigate in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and in Israel[28], The report concluded that Israel has «annihilated Gaza’s education system and destroyed more than half of the religious and cultural sites in the Gaza Strip, as part of a widespread and relentless assault on the Palestinian people during which Israeli forces have committed war crimes and the crime against humanity of extermination.» The report identified elements that could constitute acts of genocide (§ 96). It identified acts covered by Article II of the 1948 Convention (murder, serious bodily harm, deliberate deprivation of living conditions, and forced transfer of children) and considered the element of intent to be established based on public statements and concrete actions by the Israeli state apparatus.

June 16, 2025, The report "From the Economy of Occupation to the Economy of Genocide" by Ms. Francesca Albanese, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories, raised the alarm about the full range of economic and financial mechanisms facilitating the ongoing genocide in the Gaza Strip.[29].

July 28, 2025, two Israeli NGOs B'Tselem[30] and Physicians for Human Rights Israel[31] (PHRI, Doctors for Human Rights) have observed that the army is pursuing in the Gaza Strip an "intentional policy of destruction of Palestinian society", which amounts to genocide.

August 22, 2025, The city of Gaza, as well as the southern and central parts of the enclave, were declared to be in a state of famine by the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC), a food monitoring body supported by the United Nations. The UN attributed this famine to Israel, which refuses or restricts the entry of humanitarian aid after having destroyed all of the agricultural production capacity of the Gaza Strip.[32].

August 31, 2025, The largest professional organization of researchers studying genocide has declared that the State of Israel is committing genocide in the Gaza Strip.[33]. The International Association of Genocide Scholars, which has approximately 500 members worldwide, including several Holocaust experts, joined other major human rights organizations, including two Israeli groups, in applying this term to Israel's conduct during wartime: "Israel's policies and actions in Gaza meet the legal definition of genocide, as well as that of crimes against humanity and war crimes."«[34].

September 5, 2025, The United Nations Special Committee on Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People and Other Arabs in the Occupied Territories concluded in a report that "in view of developments during the period under review (since September 2024), the Special Committee is increasingly convinced that the world is witnessing genocide in Gaza – a conclusion endorsed and shared by leading experts and human rights organizations, genocide specialists and some States."«[35].

September 16, 2025, A new report by the Independent International Commission of Inquiry in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and in Israel, has concluded that the State of Israel is committing genocide in the Gaza Strip.[36]. The report concluded that Israel had genocidal intent and indicated that the Israeli army had committed four of the five categories of acts that define the crime of genocide under the 1948 Convention: killing members of the group, causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group, deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part, preventing births within the group, or forcibly transferring children to other groups. It specifically attributes to Israel the killing of an "unprecedented number of Palestinians," the imposition of a humanitarian blockade that led the UN to declare a state of famine, and the systematic destruction of hospitals and schools in the Gaza Strip.

October 20, 2025, The Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Francesca Albanese, published a report A/80/492 entitled "Genocide in Gaza: a collective crime"«[37] in which she exposes the acts of complicity with the Israeli government, without which the genocide and occupation of Palestine by Israel could not continue.

November 27, 2025, Amnesty International published a report entitled "Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territory. After the Ceasefire: Israeli Genocide Continues in the Occupied Gaza Strip" in which the organization denounces the restrictions imposed on aid and relief supplies, as well as the repeated forced displacement of civilian populations, and calls for an end to all acts constituting genocide, not "only" bombings.[38]. Amnesty International considers that the conditions of Israeli armed interventions leave little doubt as to their classification as crimes of genocide.

2026

March 23, 2026, Francesca Albanese, the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, has published a new report on the Gaza Strip focusing on genocide and acts of torture committed by the Israeli authorities.[39].

May 18, 2026, A report by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights indicates that Israel has committed serious violations of international law since October 2023, which are classified as war crimes, atrocities, and possible acts of genocide that Israel is obligated to prevent and cease by taking immediate action.[40].

June 18, 2026, A new report by the Independent International Commission of Inquiry in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and in Israel, has concluded that the State of Israel is committing genocide in the Gaza Strip.[41]. The report states that Israeli authorities and security forces intentionally target children in the Gaza Strip, constituting war crimes, crimes against humanity, and acts of genocide. The commission emphasizes that these acts have continued after the ceasefire in October 2025, that the damage to the health, education, and development of Palestinian children is irreversible, and that the targeting of children aims to undermine the very capacity of the Palestinian people to sustain themselves and determine their future.

August 5, 2026, The Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs reports that Israeli military operations in the Gaza Strip have resulted in the deaths of 73,381 people, including 21,283 children and 10,983 women, and have injured 174,231 people. 81 buildings in the Gaza Strip have been destroyed or severely damaged.

September 30, 2026,The Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs reports that Israeli military operations in the Gaza Strip have resulted in the deaths of 74,032 people, including 21,283 children and 10,983 women, and have injured 175,142 people. 81 buildings in the Gaza Strip have been destroyed or severely damaged.

October 2, 2026, The American organization Genocide Watch published a report concluding that the ten characteristic stages of genocide (classification, symbolization, discrimination, dehumanization, organization, polarization, preparation, persecution, extermination, denial) are present in the policies and practices of the Israeli authorities towards the Palestinian population of the Gaza Strip.[42].

[1]https://twailr.com/public-statement-scholars-warn-of-potential-genocide-in-gaza/

[2]Statement from seven United Nations special rapporteurs, "Time is running out for Gaza, warn UN experts, who demand a ceasefire to prevent genocide", November 2, 2023.

https://www.ohchr.org/fr/press-releases/2023/11/gaza-running-out-time-un-experts-warn-demanding-ceasefire-prevent-genocide-0

[3]https://www.fidh.org/fr/regions/maghreb-moyen-orient/israel-palestine/arreter-le-genocide-en-cours-en-palestine-l-appel-de-la-fidh-a-la

[4]Application initiating proceedings accompanied by a request for provisional measures, registered with the court registry on December 29, 2023, Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip: https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20231228-app-01-00-fr.pdf

[5]https://www.lemkininstitute.com/statements-new-page/statement-on-why-we-call-the-israeli-attack-on-gaza-genocide

[6]Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip (South Africa v. Israel), Provisional Measures, Order of 26 January 2024, ICJ Reports 2024, pp. 28-29, para. 78.

[7]Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip (South Africa v. Israel), Provisional Measures, Order of 26 January 2024, ICJ Reports 2024, p. 29, para. 79.

[8]Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip (South Africa v. Israel), Provisional Measures, Order of 26 January 2024, ICJ Reports 2024, p. 29, para. 80.

[9]Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Francesca Albanese, 25 March 2024, A/HRC/55/73, https://docs.un.org/fr/A/HRC/55/73

[10]Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Francesca Albanese, 25 March 2024, A/HRC/55/73, para. 93. https://docs.un.org/fr/A/HRC/55/73

[11]Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip (South Africa v. Israel), Provisional Measures, Order of 28 March 2024, ICJ Reports 2024, http://icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240328-ord-01-00-fr.pdf

[12]Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip (South Africa v. Israel), Order of 24 May 2024, ICJ Reports 2024, p. 13, para. 50: https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240524-ord-01-00-fr.pdf

[13]Report of the Independent International Commission to Investigate the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel, 14 June 2024, A/HRC/56/26, https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g24/086/65/pdf/g2408665.pdf

[14]Press release: «UN experts declare famine spreading throughout the Gaza Strip,» July 9, 2024, https://www.ohchr.org/fr/press-releases/2024/07/un-experts-declare-famine-has-spread-throughout-gaza-strip

[15]Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, «Detention in the context of the escalation of hostilities in Gaza (October 2023 – June 2024)», thematic report, July 31, 2024, https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/countries/opt/20240731-Thematic-report-Detention-context-Gaza-hostilities.pdf

[16]Report of the Independent International Commission to Investigate the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel, 11 September 2024, A/79/232, https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n24/262/80/pdf/n2426280.pdf

[17]Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People and Other Arabs in the Occupied Territories, 20 September 2024, A/79/363, https://docs.un.org/fr/A/79/363 § 69

[18]Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Francesca Albanese, «Colonial erasure through genocide», 1^er October 2024, A/79/384, https://docs.un.org/fr/A/79/384

[19]Patterns: patterns of repetition of identical, similar and/or related acts in different places and times.

[20]Forensic Architecture, «A Cartography of Genocide: Israel’s Conduct in Gaza Since October 2023,» October 25, 2024. Summary available online in English: https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/a-cartography-of-genocide; and full 827-page report on the spatial analysis of the Israeli military conduct and its targets available online: https://content.forensic-architecture.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/FA_A-Spatial-Analysis-of-the-Israeli-military-conduct-in-Gaza-since-October-2023.pdf (in English).

[21]ICC: https://www.icc-cpi.int/fr/news/situation-dans-letat-de-palestine-la-chambre-preliminaire-i-de-la-cpi-rejette-les-exceptions

[22]Amnesty International report, «'We feel like subhumans' — The genocide of Palestinians committed by Israel in Gaza“, December 5, 2024, https://www.amnesty.org/fr/documents/mde15/8744/2024/fr

[23]International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH), «FIDH has been denouncing the genocide of Palestinians in Gaza for a year», December 12, 2024, https://www.fidh.org/fr/regions/maghreb-moyen-orient/israel-palestine/la-fidh-denonce-depuis-un-an-le-genocide-des-palestinien-nes-a-gaza

[24]Doctors Without Borders (MSF) report, «Gaza: an MSF report denounces the campaign of total destruction carried out by Israel», press release, 2024, https://www.msf.fr/communiques-presse/gaza-un-rapport-de-msf-denonce-la-campagne-de-destruction-totale-menee-par-israel

[25]Human Rights Watch (HRW) report, «Israel commits the crime of extermination and acts of genocide in Gaza», December 19, 2024, https://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2024/12/19/israel-commet-le-crime-dextermination-et-des-actes-de-genocide-gaza

[26]South Africa, «Letter dated 27 February 2025 addressed to the President of the Security Council», United Nations document, S/2025/130, 28 February 2025, «Public dossier of openly available evidence on the State of Israel's acts of genocide against the Palestinians in Gaza as at 4 February 2025», pp. 68-209, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4079252

[27]Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and in Israel, «'More than a human being can bear': Israel's systematic use of sexual, reproductive and other forms of gender-based violence since 7 October 2023“, 13 March 2025, A/HRC/58/CRP.6, https://www.ohchr.org/fr/press-releases/2025/03/more-human-can-bear-israels-systematic-use-sexual-reproductive-and-other

[28]Report of the Independent International Commission to Investigate the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel, 6 May 2025, A/HRC/59/26, https://docs.un.org/fr/A/HRC/59/26

[29]Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Francesca Albanese, «From an economy of occupation to an economy of genocide», 16 June 2025, A/HRC/59/23, https://docs.un.org/fr/A/HRC/59/23

[30]B'Tselem, "Our Genocide", report, July 2025, https://www.btselem.org/publications/202507_our_genocide

[31]Physicians for Human Rights Israel, “Destruction of conditions of life: a health analysis of the Gaza genocide”, July 2025, https://www.phr.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Genocide-in-Gaza-PHRI-English.pdf

[32]World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), World Food Programme (WFP) & UNICEF, «Gaza: Famine confirmed for the first time», August 22, 2025, joint press release, https://www.who.int/fr/news/item/22-08-2025-famine-confirmed-for-first-time-in-gaza

[33]International Association of Genocide Scholars (IAGS), «IAGS Resolution on the Situation in Gaza», August 31, 2025, https://genocidescholars.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/IAGS-Resolution-on-Gaza-FINAL.pdf

[34]L'Humanité, "Melanie O'Brien, President of the International Association of Genocide Researchers: Our resolution calls on Israel to cease all acts that constitute genocide," 1^er September 2025, available via https://www.humanite.fr/monde/genocide/melanie-obrien-presidente-de-lassociation-internationale-des-chercheurs-sur-le-genocide-notre-resolution-appelle-israel-a-cesser-tous-les-actes-qui-constituent-un-genocide

[35]Report of the Special Committee to investigate Israeli practices affecting the human rights of the Palestinian people and other Arabs in the occupied territories, 5 September 2025, A/80/365, https://docs.un.org/fr/A/80/365 § 6.

[36]Report of the Independent International Commission to Investigate the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel, «Legal analysis of the conduct of Israel in Gaza pursuant to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide», 16 September 2025, A/HRC/60/CRP.3, https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session60/advance-version/a-hrc-60-crp-3.pdf

[37]Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Francesca Albanese, 20 October 2025, A/80/492, https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/country-reports/a80492-gaza-genocide-collective-crime-report-special-rapporteur-situation

[38]Amnesty International, article «Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territory. After the ceasefire: Israeli genocide continues in the occupied Gaza Strip», November 27, 2025, https://www.amnesty.org/fr/documents/mde15/0527/2025/fr/

[39]Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Francesca Albanese, «Torture and genocide», 23 March 2026, A/HRC/61/71, https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session61/advance-version/a-hrc-61-71-aev.pdf

[40]Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, «Practices and policies affecting human rights in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem (7 October 2023 – 31 May 2025)», 18 May 2026, https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/countries/opt/occupied-palestinian-territory-overview-report-east-jerusalem-practices-en.pdf

[41]Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and in Israel, «The essence of childhood has been destroyed“: Israel’s deliberate targeting of Palestinian children in the Occupied Palestinian Territory since 7 October 2023, 18 June 2026, A/HRC/62/CRP.2, https://www.un.org/unispal/document/coi-report-23jun26/

[42]Genocide Watch, «Special report: Gaza and the Ten Stages of Genocide», October 2, 2026, https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/special-report-gaza-and-the-ten-stages-of-genocide